Euonymus atropurpureus.   Wahoo, Burning bush, Spindle bark   Family: Celastraceae         
PART USED: Stem and root bark
TASTE: Bitter and acrid   ODOR: Faint
ACTIONS
GROUP: The Gastro-Intestinal Tract- Cathartics
1. Cholagogue.[1,2,3] Cholaretic.[4]
2. Laxative.[1,2,3] Purgative-mild.[4] Cathartic and emetic activity
3. Cardiotonic.[3] Mildly cardioactive. Circulatory stimulant.[3]
4. Diuretic.[3]
INDICATIONS
1. Constipation.
2. Liver/GB - Constipation with liver and gall bladder dysfunction.[3]  Jaundice. Cholecystitis. Icterus. Liver and GB trouble. Dyspepsia.[3]
3. Skin eruptions. Skin conditions caused by Liver/Gall bladder problems.[3]
COMBINATIONS
- Skin complaints with Iris.[2]
- Liver and Gall Bladder disease, with Berberis, Taraxacum Root, Chionanthus and Pulsatilla.[2]
PREPARATIONS:  3X /day
Dried root-bath  0.3-1 g,[1,2,3] or by decoction.
Fluid extract  1: 1 in 45% alcohol 0.3-1 ml.
Tincture (BPC 1949) 0.6-2.6 ml.[3] 
Elixir of Euonymus and Pulsatilla (BPC 1934) 4-16 ml.[3] |


ORIGIN:  Eastern and central USA and Canada.
DESCRIPTION: It is a deciduous shrub growing to 8 m tall, with stems up to 10 cm diameter. The bark is gray, smooth, and lightly fissured. The twigs are dark purplish-brown, slender, sometimes four-angled or slightly winged. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, 8.5–11.3 cm long and 3.2–5.5 cm broad, abruptly long pointed at the tip, and with a finely serrated margin; they are green above, paler and often with fine hairs beneath, and turn bright red in the fall. The flowers are bisexual, 10–12 mm diameter, with four greenish sepals, four brown-purple petals and four stamens; they are produced in small axillary cymes. The fruit is a smooth reddish to pink four-lobed (sometimes one or more of the lobes abort) capsule, up to 17 mm diameter, each lobe containing a single seed, orange with a fleshy red aril. The bark occurs in curved pieces or quills, 2-4 mm thick. Outer surface light brown, wrinkled.  Root bark may have root scars and adhering rootlets. Stem bark is smoother with lichens usually present. The inner surface is striated porous, sometimes with adherent patches of yellow wood. Fracture short but friable, showing a narrow brown cork, a whitish cortex and a darker phloem.
References
[1] Herbal Materia Medica Course Notes For Diploma of Naturopathy and Diploma of Herbalism Students by Lydia Mottram.
[2] British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 Published by the British Herbal Medicine Association ISBN 0 903032 07 4.
[3] Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations  R.C. Wren Revised by Elizabeth M. Williamson and Fred J Evans. First published in Great Britain in 1988 and reprinted in 1989 and 1994 by the C. W. Daniel Company Limited. 1 Church Path, Saffron Walden Essex. Published 1988 Printed and bound by Biddles, Guildford ISBN 085207 1973.
[4] Martindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 27th Ed. Pub. The Pharmaceutical Press (1977) UK
Images
1. plants.ces.ncsu.edu by Cathy DeWitt CC BY 4.0
2. etsy.com
Inner Path can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.


Constituents

Research

The cathartic and emetic activity of Wahoo bark is due to sesquiterpenoids and cardiac glycosides contained.[1]
References
[1] sciencedirect.com